“We’re testing techniques that will enable these soils to better cope with the weather extremes that climate change is, and will, throw at it,” explains Mike Green, BASF agricultural sustainability manager and project lead.

Enhancing soil health and biodiversity

Extended spells of dry weather, combined with very short periods of heavy rainfall tests soils’ capacity to simultaneously absorb and retain water. The five plots are all designed to improve infiltration and increase organic matter. As a commercial farm, the need to produce profitable crops hasn’t been ignored. Neither has biodiversity, which is recognised for its agro-ecosystem services of pest management and pollination.

“Fundamentally, it’s about balance and resilience,” surmises Mr Green.

Alongside the broadacre crops, the plots include three- and four-year herbal leys with grazing sheep and ‘supercharger’ cover crops. The plots are interspersed with what the team are calling ‘agrofloristry’ – 2m of undisturbed grass between two 3m meadow flower strips – as well as being topped and tailed by headlands which have been taken out of production to be ‘reset’ under a three-year meadow mix.

Degraded topsoil

Professor Jenni Dungait has been analysing the the soil health since the baseline year in 2021:

“When I first looked at this field, it was clear that it was degraded.

“At the top of a hill, it’s what would traditionally be called a ‘scald’, and over generations, much of the best soil has been carried to the bottom of the hill by wind and rain. With little topsoil above the bedrock, it is stony and vulnerable to compaction.”

Ahead of the first year of Project Fortress, Prof Dungait took soil samples from across the field and the adjacent woodland. She expected to find the cultivated areas contain very little carbon and have poor structure.

“Surprisingly, at about 6.5%, the topsoil across this field had very high levels of organic matter for their type, topography and climatic conditions, making it difficult to improve.”

Despite the challenge, the herbal ley with rotational grazing by sheep has increased the organic matter content of the topsoil by 0.5% in just two years. “In this context, and understanding how long it takes to build organic matter in soils, that’s a huge increase,” notes Prof Dungait.

Compacted subsoil

Below the traditional plough depth of 8in, it was a different story: “The sub soil is compacted and has a comparatively low organic matter content of 3–4%. So that’s where our focus has been – getting carbon-containing organic matter down deep into the soil profile.”

Contrary to current trends, Prof Dungait suggested subsoiling to alleviate some of the compaction, enabling water penetration and the plants in the trial plots a chance to get their roots down.

“We needed to make a drastic impact on how this soil is performing. We’re already seeing the effects of climate change here, with the land experiencing high rainfall and drought, so the pressure is on to get this soil performing quickly,” she explains.

Prof Dungait and the team assumed that none of the deep-rooting plants in the herbal and cover crop mixes would be able to get through the remaining patches of compaction. “We were wrong. Given a second season, the chicory grew to over 5ft tall and its roots just about broke through. However, the thin spidery threads would take years to achieve what a sub-soiler can do in a pass.

“The taproot of the sweet clover also penetrated the tightly packed layer. It’s really important. We’re achieving one of Project Fortress’ primary objectives and getting carbon deep into the soil, both through the root mass and the carbon-rich exudates it’ll be releasing into the soil. That root will be keeping the soil structure open, allowing air and water to penetrate. It’s an incredible achievement in just two years.”

Excitement for the future

With a further three years of trials and analysis in Project Fortress, the team is really excited about the future. “The pressure is on,” says Mr Green. “Climate change is fast accelerating, and we need to adapt.

“Project Fortress is the ideal space to look at both the impact of climate change, and some approaches to building resilience on farm. It also gives us a platform to share knowledge and engage with those at the forefront of decisions that will impact the industry for generations, and our thanks go to the Pitts family for supporting the partnership.”

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Inside the Pod will cover all topics related to the growing of pulse crops, featuring PGRO staff as well as guests from across the industry.

The podcast is PGRO’s latest endeavour in supporting growers of pulses and vegetable legumes. It signals PGRO’s first foray into the podcast communications channel.

In PGRO’s own words

“We carry out a huge amount of important research, but it means nothing if it doesn’t reach those who can use the information,” says PGRO CEO Roger Vickers.

“We need to use a variety of channels to put across our messages. Having a podcast allows for farmers to digest new information from our work while they go about their day.”

The first episode, which is now live, covers PGRO’s vining pea open day that was held in Lincolnshire in late June. The episode features Senior Technical Officer Dr Chris Judge speaking about the Descriptive List trials.

How can you listen to Inside the Pod?

Inside the Pod is available on all major podcast services, including Spotify, Amazon Music, and Apple Podcasts.

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“We’re seeing a fair bit of uncertainty in milk prices,” says Volac silage expert, Ken Stroud. “Also in cereal prices, which could impact on feed costs.

“While some maize crops haven’t fully recovered from the dry spring, most look in good shape. Conserving good stocks of quality silage, to become more self-sufficient in winter feed and maximise milk produced from homegrown forage, makes sound financial sense in times of volatility,” he adds.

Typically, about one in every 10 trailer loads of maize DM ensiled are lost due to unwanted bacteria, yeasts and moulds growing in clamps, says Mr Stroud, but losses can double if attention to detail slips at harvest and ensiling. Also, these microbes consume the most nutritious parts – sugars and starches – leaving the remaining silage lower in energy, he stresses.

“Unwanted microbes come into the clamp on the crop at harvest. You can’t completely stop this but inhibiting their growth in the clamp is vital. This requires attention to detail at several stages. All these stages are important. But there are three common pitfalls that could be particularly important to avoid this year.”

Pitfall 1 – harvesting maize too late

Harvesting maize late, when it is dying back, not only risks the crop being past its nutritional peak, says Mr Stroud, it also increases the risk of unwanted microbes coming into the clamp on the dying foliage.

“Too often maize is harvested when leaves are dying or dead. It should be harvested as soon as it reaches 30-33% DM and ideally while still green. Doing this provides a good balance of starch in the cobs and living foliage with higher nutritional value. Crops harvested drier are also harder to consolidate, leaving them prone to losses from heating caused by aerobic spoilage,” he adds.

Pitfall 2 – thinking maize ‘conserves itself’

A common myth is that maize does not benefit from conserving with a silage additive, says Mr Stroud. But after investing in growing the crop, ensiling it untreated leaves its conservation at the mercy of whatever microbes are present on the crop – good ones and bad ones, he adds.

“Maize silage suffers two types of losses: obvious losses from heating, caused by yeasts and moulds growing in the presence of air; but also invisible losses from poor fermentation, due to inefficient fermentation bacteria. Both waste the silage’s DM and energy and release carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas.

“You can’t regulate which types of bacteria, yeasts and moulds are present at harvest. But applying a dual-acting additive, such as Ecocool, containing beneficial bacteria effective against both problems, drives in favour of a quality fermentation to put you in better control. Ecocool has also been shown to keep maize silage cool and stable for more than 10 days after exposure to air.”

Pitfall 3 – harvesting maize too low

Although tempting to cut maize low to the ground – especially if looking for extra bulk – the stem base is low in nutritional value and typically higher in unwanted microbes, says Mr Stroud, so you risk losing more than you gain.

“Instead, ask your contractor to leave at least 15cm of stubble. Similarly, make sure they chop the crop short enough to aid consolidation, especially with drier crops, but long enough for it to perform in the cow’s rumen. Consider a 1.5-2.0cm chop length, or 1.2cm if needed,” he suggests.

The post Good maize potential this year – but avoid costly harvest mistakes, experts warn appeared first on Farmers Guide.

The project will also look at the possibility of displacing chickpea imports through domestic production, as the UK currently imports 60,000 tonnes of chickpeas a year for products such as stand-alone tins, pouches of cooked produce and packets of dried pulses, alongside use as ingredient in ready meals and bakery products.

The study, titled ‘Cicero – developing chickpea as a novel source of domestic UK protein’, has been awarded £500,000 in funding by Defra under the ‘Farming Futures R&D Fund: Sustainable farm-based protein’ competition, part of the Farming Innovation Programme managed by Innovate UK.

As a nitrogen-fixing legume, chickpea has the potential to reduce on-farm fertiliser use and greenhouse gas emissions associated with fertiliser production and application.

Moreover, current domestic legume production is primarily restricted to field beans and combinable peas, with a large proportion of these crops destined for animal feed. In contrast, chickpea is a commonly used food item but is rarely grown in the UK, largely due to a lack of varieties suitable for our climate and insufficient knowledge of the crop.

Project lead and NIAB’s Head of Breeding Dr Phil Howell explains the study will take a multi-faceted approach. Variety trials and agronomy testing will be carried out by NIAB and specialist seed company Premium Crops, ranging from small plots up to field-scale evaluation.

Whereas, end-use quality assessments will be undertaken by Norfolk-based grower Place UK, who has successfully grown chickpea crops to sell through its vertically-integrated food ingredients business.

“Whilst the two-year project timescale prohibits a full breeding cycle, new populations will be advanced rapidly through the glasshouse, with selections ready for their first field evaluation by spring 2025,” Dr Howell said.

“NIAB has already assembled a diverse collection of chickpea material, which will be evaluated in field nurseries over the project duration. These will be complemented by a unique population of novel induced variants developed together with biotechnology start-up Viridian Seeds.

“These new sources of diversity will all feed into a second cycle of new crosses to kickstart the development of UK-adapted material,” Dr Howell added.

He went on to point out that chickpeas represent the challenges the UK legume sector is facing, with manufacturers relying on imports to meet increasing demands of plant-based foods.

Although chickpeas can be grown in the UK, crop yield and quality have so far been inconsistent as current varieties are not well-adapted to commercial production.

“Ultimately, we need better varieties bred specifically for UK conditions, but we also need to improve our agronomy know-how to get the most out of varieties – now and in the future,” Dr Howell concluded.

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The CERC trails at Harper Adams University have shown that the inclusion of clover and herbs at reseeding improves the overall DM and protein production of grassland leys.

The same study has also shown that including herbage seeds can improve the drought tolerance of grassland leys, with the added diversity they provide making leys eligible for current countryside stewardship schemes.

“Although bagged fertiliser prices have come down since the highs of 2022, there has been a continued resurgence in interest amongst livestock farmers looking to reintroduce nitrogen-fixing clover into their grassland rotations,” said Simon Montgomery of Field Options.

“However, to achieve good rates of germination and establishment, the introduction of new seedstock must be done at the correct timing, with evidence suggesting that the best results are achieved when clover and herbage seeds are drilled as part of a planned reseeding programme,” he added.

Trials carried out by Field Options at the Crop and Environment Research Centre (CERC) at Harper Adams University in Shropshire have demonstrated that red clover, white clover, and herbs such as plantain and chicory, introduced at seeding, can significantly improve the protein content and DM (dry matter) yield of forage, even when provided with modest levels of bagged nitrogen.

The response is even more dramatic when the same mixtures are managed without nitrogen.

The aim of the trial was to test the performance of various grassland mixtures by comparing grass and clover blends to leading hybrid and perennial ryegrass controls, Mr Montgomery explained.

“With four years of data captured, the trial has shown that the inclusion of white clover elevates dry matter production by 0.8t/ha/year for swards receiving 250kg/ha of synthetic nitrogen, while the addition of red and white clover gives an uplift of 0.8-2.5 tonnes per year. In both cases, the gains can easily be translated into savings on bought-in feed and improvements in milk and meat productivity.”

The trial also tested the yield response of the same mixtures when zero supplemental nitrogen was applied. Despite some initial challenges, the grass and clover combinations eventually surpassed the leading perennial ryegrass blend that received 250 kg/hectare of N.

Clover played a significant role in driving this yield increase, with white clover contributing over four tonnes of DM per hectare per year and red clover delivering more than 5.5 tonnes, Mr Montgomery said.

Drought tolerance and stewardship opportunities

Several of the mixtures tested also contained drought tolerant grasses or Boston Plantain and Puna II Chicory, which increased yields even further, particularly in the dry season of 2020, he continued.

“This performance boost can be accounted for by the deep rooting growth habit of these species which makes them more resilient to drought by enabling them to scavenge nutrients and moisture from deeper soil horizons.

“With ‘normal’ weather patterns becoming increasingly unreliable, and early summer droughts more commonplace, livestock producers should therefore give careful thought to the composition and make-up of their grass swards – not only to enhance overall productivity and forage quality, but also to safeguard against future weather-related pressures,” he stressed.

Incorporating clovers and herbs in grassland leys can unlock GS4 Countryside Stewardship payments in England and GFTE payments in Wales. Moreover, in mixed farming rotations, it can enhance soil structure and fertility for subsequent arable crops.

The deep-rooting nature of clover and herbs such as plantain and chicory makes grassland swards more tolerant of dry ground conditions.

However, Mr Montgomery advised growers to be aware that nitrogen fixed by clover is not immediately accessible to companion grasses, as clover utilizes the nitrogen for its own needs during the initial 9-12 months of its lifecycle. Therefore, the addition of clover should be considered as part of a comprehensive and long-term nutrient and sward management strategy.

“It’s also worth remembering that over-seeding clover into an existing sward can be challenging, with good establishment often hard to guarantee,” he added.

“A better option is to introduce clover as part of a reseeding strategy, although it may be necessary to control perennial weeds in the previous sward and to modify the cropping strategy by introducing a ‘cleaning’ break crop.

“Overall, however, it works out cheaper to sow a complete mixture of grasses and clover plus herbs in one hit compared to carrying out two separate seeding operations to introduce the components individually,” Mr Montgomery concluded.

For more information, get in touch with Field Options directly on 01544 262500 or via email at info@field-options.co.uk.

The post Diversify grassland swards to reduce nitrogen use and boost yields appeared first on Farmers Guide.

Stock photo for illustration purposes only.

Flax produces an array of blue flowers loved by pollinators and was grown for textile and linen mills across Scotland for many centuries until cheaper imported textiles became popular in the 1900s.

Scottish varieties of fibre flax were lost, but growers now working with farmer-led research network Innovative Farmers are leading a field lab to find suitable varieties to grow in the UK climate and re-establish a regenerative textile (particularly linen) supply chain.

The trial aims to ascertain how well flax grows and performs in a range of soil types using three trial varieties, as well as explore factors that may influence the retting process and compare the quality of fibre produced. This will be achieved by measuring crop establishment and yield and comparing the results across varieties and sites.

Participants are also hoping to demonstrate the crop as an option for nature-friendly rotations that could meet a growing demand for sustainable textiles.

One of the triallists is Jossie Ellis, who grows vegetables at the 100-acre Lauriston Farm near Edinburgh, which focuses on community engagement and biodiversity alongside food production.

She is providing flax for student research into developing the processing equipment needed to help bring this natural fibre back to the British Isles – as currently there is no commercial processing in Scotland.

She said: “Flax used to be a really important part of the agricultural heritage in Scotland, but it’s been completely lost.

“The field lab is helping us get a sense of how it performs as a crop, which is important because there must have been different varieties that were developed and grown in Scotland because it’s well suited to this region. Finding the seeds that work here will help contribute to that wider work to bring this industry back to the local area. It’s super exciting.”

Other than Lauriston Farm, the field lab trial is being carried out at Inverlonan farm, near Oban, and at the James Hutton Institute’s Balruddery research farm near Dundee.

Field lab design and citizen science

While flax is still grown in the UK for seed, these varieties are shorter-stemmed plants that put their energy into producing seeds rather than tall stems, so don’t provide the long fibres needed to make linen.

The three farmers involved in the trial are utilising knowledge from the Netherlands and France, where 70% of the world’s fibre flax is still grown, to discover which varieties might work best in Scottish growing conditions.

The plant grows well in a range of conditions but is known to thrive and grow tall in temperate climates and damp soil, which makes Scotland an ideal location.

They are testing the performance of three Dutch varieties of flax to assess which are the highest yielding and which produce the best quality fibre, as well as exploring the best time to harvest for textile use.

There is also a parallel citizen science research project with more than 30 growers and groups across 25 community sites across Scotland trialling one variety to complement the growers’ findings by broadening the range of growing conditions being tested.

At Lauriston Farm, they are keen to test the crop’s commercial viability and to engage the local community in home grown fashion.

Ms Ellis added: “We are growing our trial crop with no intervention. If the intention is to grow it at field scale, we want to see what our yields will be in that scenario and see how robust it is.

“It’s also a really interesting crop to engage people on the farm. It’s really pretty with lots of blue flowers, but there’s something about it that people get excited about. It surprises them to realise that’s where linen comes from – people don’t expect their clothes to have come from a plant.

“There’s growing awareness of the significant impact that cotton can have on the environment, and that industry is often very exploitative and highly extractive. It gets people thinking about growing in their everyday lives. It makes people realise that farms are for everyone, and we all have a reliance on the land in ways that we might not have considered.”

Environmental benefits

As well as the potential to provide a UK-grown, biodegradable textile, flax can also be beneficial for nature-friendly farming as it provides food for pollinators and grows well without chemical inputs.

Farming consultant and field lab co-ordinator Colleen McCulloch said: “For farmers interested in diversifying their rotations with crops which are good for biodiversity and suit a regenerative or organic approach, flax fits really well.

“There is a growing interest in regenerative textiles and fashion – people are looking at linen and they can buy it in from Europe, but nobody grows it on a commercial scale here. So, there’s a demand that farmers could meet, as well as flax fitting into low-input and regenerative rotations.

“The field lab is a one-year trial, but the growers are looking to scale up and collaborate with a growing network of other businesses and organisations to establish a commercially viable Scottish linen supply chain in the longer term.”

Innovative Farmers Manager Rebecca Swinn said: “This is an exciting trial that shows the potential of farmer-led research, with real-life trials on farms that are connected to their local communities and ready to collaborate. We are excited to see where these growers can take the regenerative textiles industry in Scotland and the wider UK.”

To find out more and to get involved, visit the field lab portal on the Innovative Farmers website, where any farmer can join the network and find trial information and findings for free.

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University of Warwick Professor Eric Holub in a field of haricot beans.

To date, the UK has relied on imports of baked beans to supply the nation due to the lack of adequate climate and soil conditions needed for the successful cultivation of the crop. However, the research project aims to challenge the status quo by adopting growing practices to the UK’s unique environment.

In a move to promote sustainable food production and food security, the University of Warwick has developed innovative farming techniques tailored specifically to the cultivation of baked beans.

By harnessing the latest agricultural technologies and insights from the University of Warwick, Lincolnshire farmer Andrew Ward has become the first in the UK to grow a full crop of baked beans, which he hopes will reduce reliance on imports and ensure a consistent supply of this ultimate British staple breakfast item.

He commented: “It’s the first commercial-scale planting of a variety of haricot beans that could end up in a can on everybody’s supper table. At the moment we don’t have any beans that are grown here that are suitable for baked beans, our climate isn’t right for producing this type of bean.”

Other than helping to achieve climate goals in the food sector, growing baked beans in the UK would enable local farmers to diversify their crop production and explore new market opportunities, while allowing consumers to enjoy the freshest and highest quality produce sourced from closer to home.

Professor Eric Holub, from Warwick’s Crop Centre, part of the School of Life Sciences, has bred three haricot bean varieties that are adapted for growing in the UK climate and are more suited to standard farm machinery.

The new varieties – a blonde bean named Godiva, along with the white Capulet and black Olivia – have been selected for their versatility and are also suitable for commercial canning in British baked beans.

Commenting on the research, Professor Holub said: “Ensuring we can produce our own food is crucial in lessening our impact on the planet. British-grown beans can play a big part in shaping a healthier future for all of us. They’re a fantastic addition to our diets and contribute to the rise of flexitarian eating habits.”

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Launched by the Yes Peas! campaign, Great British Pea Week recognises the industry-wide effort made by experts across the pea vining sector during their busiest period, who work hard to deliver frozen peas to the UK market and beyond each year.

It follows the group’s recent successful campaign for the ‘pea-moji’, which saw the new pea pod emoji released across mobile phone keyboards earlier this year.

The event also aims to inspire consumers to include peas in their everyday cooking and promote the versatility of the vegetable, which can be spread on toast, thrown into a risotto or pasta, popped in a healthy soup or casserole, offering endless choices.

During the eight-week UK pea harvest, farmers work in unison around the clock to harvest, shell and transport the peas from field to frozen storage as quickly as possible, with most crops making it to the factory and through the freezing process in just under two and a half hours.

With the average Brit consuming around 9,000 peas a year, the pea harvest is critical in ensuring produce makes it to supermarket shelves to sustain the demand for the full year, with the British pea industry harvesting 160,000 tonnes of frozen peas each year.

Great British Pea Week champions the 700 pea farmers around the country, who work within 16 different grower groups to ensure that Great Britain remains the largest producer and consumer of frozen peas in Europe, maintaining the country’s impressive track record of being 90% self-sufficient in pea production.

Holly Jones, crop association executive at the British Growers Association, which runs the Yes Peas! campaign, commented: “Great British Pea Week is the perfect time to celebrate the versatile vegetable that we all love here in the UK.

“As a nation, we are 90% self-sufficient in pea production, meaning that nearly all peas in supermarket freezers going into your trolley or online order are most likely grown by British farmers on a British farm, resulting in the superior quality we all love.”

For further information about Great British Pea Week or the Yes Peas! campaign, along with recipe inspiration, visit www.peas.org

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Seed declarations must be made on all eligible varieties regardless of yield and whether the variety makes up part of a blend or cover crop.

BSPB CEO Sam Brooke said the society has seen an uplift in farm saved seed declarations being submitted online since the launch of the new returns platform in 2021.

“However, there is still some confusion around what to declare, so we wanted to clarify the requirements, especially the need for all protected varieties to be declared regardless of whether they are part of a blend, cover crop or failed crop,” she added.

It is a legal requirement for all farmers to produce and sow farm saved seed on the same holding. This prohibits the sharing or sale of seed between growers.

The BSPB is keen to remind farmers that yield, and whether the variety makes up part of a blend or cover crop, does not affect the need to make a declaration.

“Farm saved seed declarations apply to cover crops, volunteer crops, companion crops, whole crops and bi-crops, regardless of yield. In the case of a failed crop, such as OSR, the seed declaration is still required because payment is due on sowing not harvest. It is illegal to sell, buy, barter or share farm saved seed,” Ms Brooke stressed.

Moreover, any protected variety should be declared when the seed from the crop is sown. Where the protected variety is sown as part of a blend or cover crop, growers must also declare the ratio of seed in the blend. This percentage can then be used along with the seeding rate to calculate the payment needed for using the blend.

Growers are also advised against saving seed from hybrid varieties as this can result in variable offspring, reduced yields, loss of agronomic characters and goes against current legislation.

“Saving seed from hybrid varieties is not advised and must be avoided to protect future yields. If there is any uncertainty, the BSPB team is on hand to help and offer guidance on how to calculate and declare all varieties of farm saved seed,” Ms Brooke concluded.

For more information, help and advice, contact the BSPB farm saved seed team on 01353 653209 or email seed@bspb.co.uk.

Declarations can be made online at https://returns.bspb.co.uk.

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Commenting on the announcement, LSPB product manager Michael Shuldham said: “As breeders of the market leading spring bean variety Lynx, and the newly listed top yielding Genius, we are proud to support the work going into the Bean YEN to enable improved and consistent performance of pulses for UK growers.

“For 2023 we have added the Pea YEN to our sponsorship to enhance our support of our portfolio of pea varieties led by yellow pea Orchestra and green pea Carrington.”

According to PGRO chief executive Roger Vickers, both the Bean and Pea YEN programmes have been gathering data since 2019 and are now close to or have exceeded 100 crops, which justifies the use of more in-depth analytical tools.

Mr Vickers revealed that a wide range of variables are monitored for each crop, including previous cropping, sowing date, seed rate, herbicide, fungicide and insecticide usage, yield and yield quality.

A summary of Bean and Pea YEN data from 2019 to 2022 has been published in the Spring 2023 issue of the PGRO Pulse Magazine, along with a detailed discussion of the current results.

YEN membership is open to anyone including farmers, agronomists and researchers, with sponsorship available on a first come, first serve basis. Members unlock access to a comprehensive and worthwhile range of benefits, such as:

• One entrance into the annual Pea or Bean YEN benchmarking network (members can enter multiple fields subject to additional charges)
• One free soil analysis (details and restrictions to be confirmed)
• A comprehensive report on your crop’s performance
• One ticket to the annual YEN Conference
• PGRO foot rot risk (peas)
• Lancrop leaf tissue and seed nutrition*
• Askew and Barrett Ltd grain sample market quality assessment (peas)*
• PGRO grain bruchid beetle damage assessment (beans)*

*Analysis may be subject to limitations on crop development stage, date, or availability

To sign up for either the Pea or the Bean YEN for the 2023 crop, register at www.yen.adas.co.uk/networks-projects.

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